Happy Columbus Day!!!

The Black Death spawned the 'crew culture' that gave rise to pirates, mercenaries—and eventually labor unions — FORTUNE


At least half of all crewmen did not return, as our crew region cemeteries suggest, and most of them did not enjoy a new life in the colonies but died prematurely instead. Some 80% of 2,000 Spanish were thought to have died in the conquest of the Incas in the 1530s. No less than 62% of Dutch crews to Asia, 600,000 men, did not return home, and there were never more than 20,000 live Dutch in the Indies at any one time. Death rates may have been as high among the 300,000 Portuguese crew who ventured to the East Indies in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Only half the 5,200 soldier recruits who left Lisbon for Goa, 1629–34, actually arrived. Most of the rest quickly died in the Goa royal hospital, in which 25,000 Europeans expired, 1604–1634. Things did not necessarily improve much over time, as new diseases ensconced themselves in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean. “In the terrible year of 1775, more than 70% of the [Dutch] Company’s soldiers died within a year after their arrival from Europe.” In 1655, the first major English campaign in the Caribbean, which failed to take Hispaniola but took Jamaica as a consolation prize, lost 80% of its 10,000 men, mostly to disease. The last English campaigns in the same region, in the 1790s, lost 45,000 soldiers plus at least 12,000 sailors.
 
guy
Not sure this is the place to get your question answered
But I say, " Hell Yes"
RevAl's blog might have different take
 
WSJ Book review: Indian allies of the British didn’t like the British killing opposing tribesmen as it robbed them of men to torture and enslave.

IMG_7870.jpeg
 
If you continue to dig, you'll find it was religious Christ-like love that led it:

William Wilberforce - Wikipedia

Absolutely correct. It was Christians that ended slavery. Slavery was already abolished in Medieval Europe by Christians. Then Europeans came across the African slave trade and some of the more unscrupulous Europeans figured out they could make lots of money. Then it became ingrained in the Southern planter culture, sadly. Christians had to re-abolish it.
 
This was a kinda interesting article, but not WM material until the very end

"
Dr. Barquera added that the study participants were thrilled to receive confirmation that they were genetically related to the builders of Chichén Itzá.

“People who live close to these archaeological sites ask, ‘Why do you have so much respect for the people who built these sites, and then treat the Indigenous people who live around them like inferiors?’” he said.

With these DNA results, he added, they can now say: “Look, we’re related to the ones who made these pyramids. So maybe stop being racist toward us.”
"

Uh, the headline answered! And if they need help...

"researchers revealed that the children — sacrificial victims killed between 500 and 900 A.D. — were all local Maya boys that may have been specifically selected to be killed in sibling pairs."

Thanks Chris for stopping the child scarifies!

Ancient Genomes Reveal Which Children the Maya Selected for Sacrifice
 
A lot of it came from the (infallible) Pope Nicolas V, who sought to enrich Portugal.

"Romanus pontifex, papal bull of Pope Nicolas V, Portugal, 8 January 1455, courtesy of the Arqivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal. This papal bull legally granted Portugal the right to enslave any and all people they encounter south of Cape Bojador, on the coast of Western Sahara. About midway through the bull, the Pope declares all Sub-Saharan Africans henceforth be held in perpetual slavery." :confused::confused::confused::confused::confused::confused::confused::confused:





"Notably, the treatment of “black Gentiles” was addressed in 1452 and 1455, when Pope Nicolas V issued a series of papal bulls that granted Portugal the right to enslave sub-Saharan Africans. Church leaders argued that slavery served as a natural deterrent and Christianizing influence to “barbarous” behavior among pagans. Using this logic, the Pope issued a mandate to the Portuguese king, Alfonso V, and instructed him:

. . . to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever …[and] to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit . . ."

Pope Nicolas V and the Portuguese Slave Trade · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative


Dum Diversas

 
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While, it's silly to think Pope Nicolas V "invented racism" :rolleyes1:, he was clearly instrumental in the enslavement of Black Africans and their transport to the Americas--especially to Brazil (and also to the Caribbean islands) where most of them went and died within several short years on sugar plantations.

 
Invented racism - funny.
Obviously this Renaissance Pope did not "invent racism."

What is most interesting is that, during the Middle Ages (pre-Renaissance), most Europeans apparently did not hold negative views toward Africans and regarded them as equals. The evidence........................................classical Germanic literature. In particular Wolfram von Eschenbach. I took a rather obscure class in classical Germanic literature at The University. Von Eschenbach was the big dog. He first gathered and wrote the Knights of the Round Table/King Arthur tales and similar stories about noble and chivalrous Knights.

One of Von Eschenbach's noble knights fought a Black African knight who wore unusual garb. He was described as fitting the phenomes of a Black guy, not a North African Arab. Von Eschenbach's Knight gushed on and on about how noble the African Knight was, how chivalrous and honorable, how strong, and how tough he fought. So at that point in time, based on the top/most renowned author and bard in Northern, Western, and Central Europe, Euros did not think of Black Africans as inferiors or deserving of slavery. It was probably the rise of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires that led to that sort of viewpoint. All that being said, this Pope did not "invent racism."

Wolfram von Eschenbach - Wikipedia
 
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Obviously this Renaissance Pope did not "invent racism."

What is most interesting is that, during the Middle Ages (pre-Renaissance), most Europeans apparently did not hold negative views toward Africans and regarded them as equals. The evidence........................................classical Germanic literature. In particular Wolfram von Eschenbach. I took a rather obscure class in classical Germanic literature at The University. Von Eschenbach was the big dog. He first gathered and wrote the Knights of the Round Table/King Arthur tales and similar stories about noble and chivalrous Knights.

One of Von Eschenbach's noble knights fought a Black African knight who wore unusual garb. He was described as fitting the phenomes of a Black guy, not a North African Arab. Von Eschenbach's Knight gushed on and on about how noble the African Knight was, how chivalrous and honorable, how strong, and how tough he fought. So at that point in time, based on the top/most renowned author and bard in Northern, Western, and Central Europe, Euros did not think of Black Africans as inferiors or deserving of slavery. It was probably the rise of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires that led to that sort of viewpoint. All that being said, this Pope did not "invent racism."

Wolfram von Eschenbach - Wikipedia

But the Typical African X poster wrote 'he invented racism' twice so it must be true! :smile1: It should be obvious that the Pope didn't invented it since slavery has existed longer than written text.
 

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